*As originally seen on Forbes.com

One of the key topics I’m asked about these days is unconscious bias training. More and more studies come in every day that show diverse and inclusive teams (more on what that means later) consistently outperform teams made up of people who are very similar to each other. So it’s time to bust unconscious biases in business.

And that’s the tricky part.

While millions of training dollars have been spent over the past 30-plus years on diversity, there is surprisingly little proof of results. In fact, the gender and racial diversity training we might be familiar with from the late ‘80s and ‘90s was widely reported to have had an adverse effect! It raised awareness of people’s differences but didn’t provide behavioral change strategies.

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A study of 829 companies over 31 years showed that diversity training had “no positive effects in the average workplace.” 

At best the study made some people more open to hiring those of other races, genders, and ethnicities, and at its worst it shamed people resulting in causing some leaders to band together and enforce their world view.

Fortunately, scientists have learned a lot over the years, and, especially in the past few years, research based organizations like the NeuroLeadership Institute have been studying not only how the brain creates biases but also what strategies successfully mitigate them in organizations. One thing they have noticed is that while a group of similar people feels better for its members, a diverse group consistently performs better, making it clearly worth our while to figure out the bias conundrum.

We Are All Unconscious—And A Bit Biased

All human beings are biased. It’s a natural state of the brain that evolved from the days when we needed to be able to calculate very quickly if something was like us and thus friendly, or unlike us and possibly dangerous. In fact, the brain has far more (three to four times as much!) real estate devoted to identifying threats, than to identifying opportunities and rewards. There are over 150 different types of biases—and all have their roots in the structure of the brain.

Biases are part of what keeps us sane and able to process the enormous amount of information that we are bombarded with at any point in time. In a Google presentation on bias they estimate that at any point in time our brain is processing some 11 million bits of information and we can only consciously process 40 bits, which makes us 99.999996% unconscious. The rest gets handled by our other than conscious mind. That part of us has learned the unconscious biases to delete (ignore some information and not make it conscious), distort (emphasize or fade other information) and generalize (gosh that switch looks just like the switch I used to turn on the lights in the other room—so it too is a light switch). If we were not able to form unconscious biases and delete, distort and generalize accordingly, we would probably go crazy pretty darned fast.

Since we are all naturally biased there’s no need to feel ashamed of it. And there’s a very profound business case for ensuring that we mitigate or entirely remove our biases in certain situations.

Diversity Plus Inclusion

Many people think that diversity is simply about having a diverse team, one that has representatives from different genders, races, and ethnicities. While that is a start, according to Heidi Grant-Halvorson PhD, of the NeuroLeadership Institute, “Diversity is getting asked to the party, while inclusion is getting asked to dance at the party.”

Human infants have a very long period of being dependent on the adults of their “tribe”. If we are socially ostracized from the group, we feel physical pain. This is instinct, and we automatically mirror the behaviors of others from birth in order to belong and therefore survive.

When our belonging is threatened, when we are ostracized or excluded, we enter what I call “Critter State.” When the brain is under threat it literally cannot function in the same way that it does when it feels safe, when it is in the “Smart State.”

When we feel under threat, studies have shown that we release an enzyme that has been found to attack the hippocampus which is responsible for regulating synapses. So our brain:

• reduces the field of view and focuses only on a narrow span of what it must do to survive. Myelin sheathing increases on existing neural pathways and we are less likely to try new solutions.

• shrinks its working memory, so that it is not distracted by other ideas, bits of information, stray thoughts… Think of a student panicked by a pop quiz, the information is there but they cannot access it. This means they cannot problem solve optimally.

• is less creative. With less grey matter and modified synapses we experience fewer ideas, thoughts, and information available to “bump into each other” so the capacity to create is reduced.

• enlarges the amygdala, the area of the brain responsible for fear processing and threat perception, making us more likely to be reactive rather than controlled.

• is less likely to connect with others. Fight, flight or freeze is not really a sharing kind of activity. When the synapses have been modified in this way we appear grumpy and unsociable.

To get the benefits of diversity we must promote “Smart State” by including, including and including. And here’s the catch:

Humans Never Communicate As Clearly As They Think They Do

It’s actually quite a miracle that we understand anything about each other. How many times a week, a day, or even an hour have you had the experience of thinking you understood or were understood, only to find a complete disconnect?

So you may think you are including, but if you are not consciously including someone who is not confident about their place in your inner circle, they may feel rejected or not welcome.

To truly promote diversity and inclusion, it is absolutely critical to train your team in effective communication skills. Techniques like rapport, inquiry mode, and feedback allow people to get to know each other as individuals, not as ethnic, race or gender groups. And that, my friends, is the secret to having diverse teams with lots of inclusion—and to busting bias.

Awareness alone doesn’t work, but structures which prevent biases and the creation of skilled communication patterns and habits does.